Parents' experiences of sharing neonatal information and decisions: Consent, cost and risk

This paper is about the care of babies with confirmed or potential neurological problems in neonatal intensive care units. Drawing on recent ethnographic research, the paper considers parents' experiences of sharing information and decisions with neonatal staff, and approaches that support or restrict parents' involvement. There are growing medico-legal pressures on practitioners to inform parents and involve them in their babies' care. Data are drawn from observations in four neonatal units in southern England, and interviews with the parents of 80 babies and with 40 senior staff. The paper compares standards set by recent guidance, with parents' views about their share in decision-making, their first meetings with their babies, 'minor' decision-making, the different neonatal units, being a helpless observer and missed opportunities. Parents' standards for informed decisions are summarised, with their reported views about two-way decision-making, and their practical need to know. Whereas doctors emphasise distancing aspects of the consent process, parents tend to value 'drawing together' aspects

Metallic Species, Oxygen and Silicon in the Lunar Exosphere: Upper Limits and Prospects for LADEE Measurements

The only species that have been so far detected in the lunar exosphere are Na, K, Ar,and He. However, models for the production and loss of species derived from the lunarregolith through micrometeoroid impact vaporization, sputtering, and photon-stimulateddesorption, predict that a host of other species should exist in the lunar exosphere.Assuming that loss processes are limited to ballistic escape, photoionization, and recyclingto the surface, we have computed column abundances and compared them to publishedupper limits for the Moon. Only for Ca do modeled abundances clearly exceed theavailable measurements. This result suggests the relevance of some loss processes thatwere not included in the model, such as the possibility of gas-to-solid phasecondensation during micrometeoroid impacts or the formation of stable metallic oxides.Our simulations and the recalculation of efficiencies for resonant light scattering showthat models for other species studied are not well constrained by existingmeasurements. This fact underlines the need for improved remote and in situmeasurements of the lunar exosphere such as those planned by the Lunar Atmosphereand Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) spacecraft. Our simulations of the LADEEneutral mass spectrometer and visibleultraviolet spectrometer indicate that LADEE measurements promise to provide definitive observations or set stringent upper limitsfor all regolith-driven exospheric species. We predict that observations by LADEE willconstrain assumed model parameters for the exosphere of the Moon

Foretelling futures: dilemmas in neonatal neurology: a social science research project, 2002-2004

This end-of-project report has been written for the project funders, The Wellcome Trust, and for individuals who generously helped with the research. The report is also intended to be a background resource for readers who would like to know more details about the „foretelling futures‟ research, the context, aims and methods, and the neonatal units and families involved in the project. Most of the time on writing up the „foretelling futures‟ research has been devoted to writing papers for academic and professional journals, for several reasons: to publicise the research to a wide readership; to try to do justice to the wealth of data that has been gathered; to use the critical peer review process to enable us to write to higher standards; through publication, to join in long-standing international neonatal discussions; to show how social science observations and analyses can be relevant to current controversies, policy and practice. For these reasons, and perhaps unconventionally, the main part of this report, section 4, provides summaries of the journal papers that have been or are being written so far. The aim is to provide a guide to the range of findings that are emerging from the project, and to show how the papers relate together and fit into five themes: families in the NICU; babies‟ rights; sharing information, dilemmas and decisions; time; and knowledge. The brief summaries in this report are not given as alternatives to reading the papers, which explain issues in greater detail and with more examples that readers can interpret for themselves. Instead, the summaries are intended to encourage readers to refer to the journal articles. Section 2 shows that the protocol raised seven exploratory research questions. We received numerous varying, complicated, and sometimes contradictory responses to these questions from the practitioners and parents and the related multidisciplinary literature, and no simple answers. The journal papers go some way towards answering some of the questions. We have much more material from the observations and interviews that could provide further answers, if we had more time for analysis and writing of papers. Because each paper separately and at some length explores answers to one or more of the research questions, we have not tried to summarise the answers into a concluding section. Instead, section 5 gives a four-page summary about the whole project and some key findings

Science Opportunities offered by Mercury's Ice-Bearing Polar Deposits

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Lunar Volatiles and Solar System Science

Understanding the origin and evolution of the lunar volatile system is not only compelling lunar science, but also fundamental Solar System science. This white paper (submitted to the US National Academies' Decadal Survey in Planetary Science and Astrobiology 2023-2032) summarizes recent advances in our understanding of lunar volatiles, identifies outstanding questions for the next decade, and discusses key steps required to address these questions

The isolation and analysis of the hemicelluloses obtained from the wood of the catclaw, Acacia greggii, before chlorination

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AN ANALYSIS OF LONGITUDE VARIATIONS IN THE EQUATORIAL SPECTRUM OF SATURN

Ground-based and Voyager observations in and out of methane and ammonia bands are analyzed to search for longitudinal variations in Saturn's equatorial region. A model with reflecting layer at 2.1 bars, an extended haze to 170 mb and an overlying thin stratospheric haze is adopted. Two sets of data are analyzed, a set of ground based observations covering the 6000-6600 A spectral region and a set of Voyager 1 images obtained with the orange and methane filters. The spectral variations are not consistent with a variation in the height of the reflecting layer. They are modeled by variations in the single scattering albedo of the haze and in the specific abundance of gas in the haze. The ground based spectra, having a spatial resolution of 21,000 km, are consistent with a specific abundance of gas in the haze of 14 $\pm$ 1 km-amagats per mean free path and a haze single scattering albedo in the continuum at 6055 A of 0.990 ($\pm$.006) with a longitudinal variation of $\pm$0.003. The single scattering albedo derived from the ground based observations at 6475 A is 0.993 ($\pm$.006) with a longitudinal variation of $\pm$.003. The Voyager data, having a spatial resolution of $\sim$500 km, are consistent with a specific abundance of gas in the haze between 10b and 24 km-amagats. The larger variation in the specific abundance derived from the Voyager data set is due to the larger relative uncertainty in the intensity (2%) for Voyager as compared to 1% for the ground based spectra. We derive a methane mixing ratio of 2.2 (\sbsp{-0.2}{+0.8}) $\times$ 10\sp{-3}, representing a C/H ratio which is enhanced by a factor of 2.3 over the solar value. Our estimate of the ammonia mixing ration, 4.5 $\times$ 10\sp{-4}, is a lower limit due to our assumption that ammonia exists at its saturation vapor pressure everywhere above the reflecting layer. There is no conclusive evidence that there are longitudinal variations in the structure of the Saturnian atmosphere in the Equatorial Region on a scale greater than 600 km

Are premature babies citizens with rights? Provision rights and the edges of citizenship

Premature babies are the same gestational age as the fetus that, in Britain, has no rights. However, our ethnographic neonatal study illustrates how the UN 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child applies to premature babies. Parents and staff in neonatal units offered socially and culturally constructed versions of childhood relating to versions of citizenship, duties, responsibilities and rights. Far from denying or trivialising rights, attention to premature babies’ rights and citizenship can illuminate how human rights are embodied, aesthetic, interactive, emotional, political, economic and socially contingent. The babies’ resistances also illustrated the relevance of rights to them as sentient, active meaning makers, within the private family and the public neonatal units. We review advantages and disadvantages of conceptualising premature babies’ needs as rights, and their status as citizens